This rule is used to minimise confusing the audience. The 180 degree rule is mainly thought about in shots of two people conversing to one another. It is done by placing all the cameras on the same side of the line of action. A line of action is a path which your subject is traveling along or an imaginary line between two character who are interacting.
For example if two people where filmed having a conversation from different angles (i.e having an over the shoulder shot of both characters and including a two shop) the line of action would run through each of the characters. The cameras would only shoot from one side of the line as shooting a piece from the other side will disorientate and confuse the viewers.
Here is a diagram of The 180 Degree Rule:
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